bigdave
Jan 24 2005, 02:15 PM
Friday,
March 10, 1876
OK, this may be pushing history a bit too far, but.....Alexander Graham Bell made the first telephone call for help during testing of his gear. Bell reportedly dropped some battery acid on his clothes and said those famous words, "Mr. Watson, come here. I want you!" His assistant, Thomas A. Watson, heard the words over the set-up they were testing and came to his aid.
Thursday,
July 8, 1937
Britain implements its 999 emergency telephone system serving police, fire and EMS after phone calls were delayed reporting 5-fatality fire on Wimpole Street. The first 999 call was placed at 4:20 a.m. when the wife of John Stanley Beard (33 Elsworthy Rd., Hampstead, London) dialed 999 to report a burglar outside her home. The burglary, 24 yeard-old Thomas Duffys, was apprehended.
1957
The National Association of Fire Chiefs reportedly suggests a single number for reporting fires.
Sept. 1958
New Zealand debuts their 111 emergency number.
June 21, 1959 According to the Winnipeg (Man.) Police Department Web site, North America's first 999 system was introduced in that city, and the operation's first supervisor was Helen Aizita Woollard. There were initially eight Emergency Telephone Operators, of which Lucienne Galinas was one of the original hires. Canada converted its three-digit emergency number to 911 in 1972. Check this CBC video about the center. updated
1961 Australia introduces its 000 emergency number in metropolitan areas of the country.
February., 1967
President Lyndon Johnson's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice issues its report, recommending that police departments have a single number to call, and that eventually that single number should be used nationwide. (see Alan Burton's account.). The report stated, "The Commission recommends: Wherever practical, a single police telephone number should be established, at least within a metropolitan area and eventually over the entire United States, comparable to the telephone company's long-distance information number." The recommendation was based on input from the Commission's Task Force on Science and Technology [see June 3, 1967 entry]
May 23, 1967 Indiana Rep. Ed Roush attends House sub-committee hearings on the Comprehensive Fire Research and Safety Act of 1967. When firefigher Leonard Kershner, representing the International Association of Firefighters, is asked why the U.S. suffered so many fire deaths compared to other countries, he mentioned response time as one consideration. According to Roush, he immediately suggested a single, nationwide telephone number for reporting fires.
June 3, 1967 The Commission's Task Force on Science and Technology publicly releases its final report upon which the full Commission's recommendation was based.
Nov. 1967
Based on talks, memos and other correspondence between the Commission and the White House, the concept of a single emergency telephone number works its way to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), and then to AT&T, which was the major telephone carrier at the time. The FCC and AT&T met during Nov. to work out details of the system.
Nov. 8, 1967 The FCC sends Congress its comments on House Concurrent Resolution 361, which supported the concept of a single nationwide emergency number.
Dec. 21, 1967 Presidential aide Dennis Flannery sends a memo to aide Matt Nimetz about two recommendations made in the Task Force's report (see June 3, 1967 above)--additional radio spectrum and a single emergency number. In it, Flannery writes, "The telephone industry has consistently argued that the telephone operator is an adequate emergency number."
Friday,
Jan. 12, 1968
AT&T announces their designation of 911 as a universal emergency number at a press conference in the Washington (DC) office of Indiana Rep. Ed Roush, who had championed for Congressional support for "one number." AT&T's plan affected only the Bell companies, and not any of the independent telephone companies. Up to this point, the number "911" wasn't mentioned in any literature, and apparently wasn't identified until the press conference. In fact, a Wall Street Journal article written the day before the press conference didn't mention "911" as the number that AT&T selected.
There is rampant speculation on why the number sequence "9-1-1" was selected. We've not uncovered any documents that outline the exact reasons. According to the Wall Street Journal article (see below), "AT&T said it used a computer" to select the number, although that sounds somewhat misleading. The selection probably was based on a combination of factors, including the precedent of Britain using a three-digit number, the ease of dialing two ones (1) on a rotary dial phone, and other technical switching considerations. See Mr. Norling's recollections below and our Alternate History page for more on why the digits 9-1-1 were selected--or why AT&T implemented the number in the first place.
Jan. 12, 1968
In Alabama, Bob Gallagher, president of the independent Alabama Telephone Co. reads an article in the Wall Street Journal revealing that AT&T intended to announce its emergency number plan that same day. Another WSJ article on Monday Jan. 15 documented AT&T's press conference that announced the selection of 911 as the emergency number. Interestingly, AT&T's concept was much broader than just a single emergency number--they foresaw a consolidation of public safety answering services, including the FBI and Secret Service. Also note there was never any mention in AT&T's description of the service about ANI or ALI service as a future upgrade of 911.
After reading the Wall Street Journal story, Gallagher decides he will beat AT&T to the punch and implement 911 first , somewhere within the Alabama Telephone Co. territory--it was his competitive spirit. He contacted Robert Fitzgerald, who was Inside State Plant Manager for ATC, who in turn identified Haleyville as the perfect site. Fitzgerald then designed the circuitry and directed the effort to implement 911 in the town, in the northwest portion of the state.
Fitzgerald works with technicians Jimmy White, Glenn Johnston, Al Bush and Pete Gosa to quickly complete the necessary central office work and to install the red 911 phone.
Feb. 7, 1968 President Johnson sends a "Special Message to the Congress" with several proposals "to meet the challenge of crime to our society," all generally based on his Commission's recommendations. Among his proposals was one, "to develop methods to make the ordinary telephone more effective for summoning police aid..."
Feb. 9, 1968
Gallagher issues a press release announcing that 911 service will begin in Haleyville on Feb. 16.
2 p.m., Friday,
Feb. 16, 1968
Just 35 days after AT&T's announcement of 911, the first-ever 911 call is placed by Alabama Speaker of the House Rankin Fite from Haleyville City Hall to U.S. Rep. Tom Bevill (Dem.) at the city's police station. Bevill reportedly answered the phone with "Hello." Attending with Fite was Haleyville mayor James Whitt. At the police station with Bevill was Gallagher and Alabama Public Service Commission director Eugene "Bull" Connor (formerly the Birmingham police chief involved in federal desegregation of the city's schools). Fitzgerald was at the ATC central office serving Haleyville, and actually observed the call pass through the switching gear, as the mechanical equipment clunked out "9-1-1." The phone used to answer the first 911 call, a bright red model, is now in a museum in Haleyville, while a duplicate phone is still in use at the police station. Some accounts of the event claim that, "Later, the two (Bevill and Fite) said they exchanged greetings, hung up and 'had coffee and doughnuts.'" Check our photo album of Haleyville's accomplishment! [Trivia: Haleyville had just one exchange: 486- )
Thursday,
Feb. 22, 1968
Nome (Alaska) reportedly implements their 911 system, after legislative support of 911 by then-U.S. Senator Ernest Gruening, formerly Governor of the Territory of Alaska before its statehood in 1959.
Feb. 27, 1968 FCC Defense Commissioner Lee Loevinger writes an 11-page memo outlining the issues of implementing the 911 system, and sends it to the White House for review.
Friday,
March 1, 1968
AT&T implements 911 in Huntington (Ind.). Why Huntington? It was the home town of Democratic U.S. Rep. J. Edward Roush (served 1959-1969, 1971-1977), who sponsored legislation to adopt the three-digit number. [current HPD comm center and photos]
March 1, 1968
President Johnson's Commission on Civil Disturbance issues its report on riots that had occurred the previous year in several U.S. cities. Although the report focused on mostly social issues that led to the events, it also heightened awareness of the law enforcement response and the need for a single emergency number.
late 1968 -
early 1969 The town of Puyallup (Wash.) reportedly is the "first 911 center west of the Mississippi," and was a test site for the technology by AT&T. [But see Nome's claim of Feb. 22, 1968.]
March, 1970
The first California 911 system is installed in the city of Gustine in Merced County, in the state's central valley.
April 1, 1970 The first Texas 911 system is installed in the city of Odessa, according to a local newspaper article.
1972
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) recommends that 911 be implemented nationwide.
March, 1973
The White House's Office of Telecommunications issues National Policy Bulletin Number 73-1, which recognizes the benefits of 911 and encouraging its nationwide adoption. The statement also provided for the establishment of a Federal Information Center to assist jurisdictions in planning and implementing 911 systems. In part, the policy said, ""it is the policy of the Federal Government to encourage local authorities to adopt and establish 9-1-1 emergency telephone systems in all metropolitan areas and throughout the United States. Whenever practicable, efforts should be initiated in both urban and rural areas at the same time."
mid 1970s
Alameda County (Calif.) was the first national pilot project for selective routing of 911 calls. Up to this point, 911 calls were routed according to "hard-wired" switching instructions. It became operational in mid-July, 1978. The original installation provided only ANI (not ALI) to the county's PSAPs. Check this anniversary e-mail sent in 2003.
April 29, 1975
The U.S. Patent Office grants Patent 3,881,060 to Joseph Bernard Connell, Alfred Zarouni (NJ) as inventors, and Bell Telephone Laboratories Inc. (NJ) as assignee for, "An emergency reporting system for selectively inter-connecting ones of a plurality of telephone stations, each assigned a directory number, through the telephone communications switching network to designated emergency service centers." That is, the modern selective routing and ANI 911 system. See the Patent Office Web site for the complete text and diagrams--it's Patent 3,881,060.
1976
Chicago claims to have had "the first enhanced 911 system of any major city" in the United States. [see Government Technology article]
Oct. 4, 1977
The U.S. Patent Office grants a patent for an Emergency Call Answering System to Robert M. Pirnie, III of Montgomery (Ala.) that, "provides specialized console controlled emergency call handling capabilities for 911 answer locations. See the Patent Office Web site for the full text and drawings--search for Patent 4,052,569.
July 9, 1978 The federally-financed trial of the first selective routing E911 system goes on-line Sunday in Alameda County (Calif.), across the bay from San Francisco. The first phase of the system provide ANI only, and not the phone number and location of the caller as later systems. [Thanks, Scott Hovey, Alameda County 911 Trial Project Director at the time, who provided a press release on the anniversary.]
Feb. 12, 1979
Dade County (Fla.) was the second agency to go live with selective routing, but providing only ANI (no ALI). The third selective routing E911 system was in St. Louis (Mo.) By the way, The definition of "Enhanced" 911, either now or at the time, makes comparing system features difficult, and also complicates determining which E911 system was "first." [Read more of programmer Bill Milam's recollections on the first E911 systems.]
January, 1980
AT&T began working on two full Enhanced 911 systems: one in Orange County (Fla.), which they called the "trial" system, and another in St. Louis (Mo.), which they called the "first application." These systems had the full array of features that we now associate with "Enhanced" 911: ANI, ALI, selective routing and selective transfer. The Orange County system was the first system to go live. [Thanks to software programmer Bill Milam for this info.]
?? Dr. Phil Shaenman, head of the U.S. Fire Administration's research department, authored a paper explaining that children should be taught to dial "nine-one-one," and not "nine-eleven." He pointed out that a child's conceptual abilities prevent them from recognizing the difference between "11" and "1-1."
December, 1982
The metro Minneapolis-St. Paul area implements an E911 system that was reportedly the first multi-county Enhanced system in the country. It served seven surrounding counties.
July 23, 1990
College student Craig Neidorf goes on trial for publishing an allegedly confidential 911 document downloaded by a hacker from a BellSouth computer system. After four days of testimony, all charges are dropped against him.
Many other countries around the world have implemented three-digit telephone numbers for emergency services.
Feb. 16, 1993
Alabama Gov. Guy Hunt issues Proclamation for Emergency Personnel Day in honor of Haleyville's accomplisment as the first 911 system in the nation.
1995
Web master Nick Lawrence petitions Internet administrators to register several all-number Web domains--previously an address had to contain at least one or more alphabetic characters. Lawrence succeeds and is issued 911.com, which is now operated at "911 Crime Tippers." He was also issued 411.com, 611.com and many others.
Dec. 12, 1995
U.S. Patent Office grants patent for 911 training doll (male and female) to Julie A. Lemelle, California Storybook Publishing, (Calif.). Surf the Patent Office Web site for the full text and diagrams. Search for Patent 5,474,484.
Jan. 15, 1996
Swedish telephone system hacker calls from London, makes multiple, simultaneous 911 calls to various west-central Florida PSAPs, tying up their trunks for legitimate callers. He is caught and prosecuted.
Feb. 4, 1997 Australia completes Enhanced 000 service when it converts the Northern Territories to the service, which sends calling line identification (CLI) and service address to the emergency operator.
March 31, 1998 According to NENA, the first Phase I system (wireless calls display caller's phone number and address of receiving antenna tower) in the U.S. was in Allen County (Ind.), involving wireless carrier Centennial Communications, location company XYPOINT, and phone provider GTE Network Services.
May 27, 1999
Rep. Robert Anderholt (R-Ala.) honors Haleyville in the U.S. Congress for the nation's for 911 system. [Congressional Record]
October 26, 1999 President Clinton signs Senate Bill 800, which designates 911 as the nationwide emergency telephone number. [remarks on the bill by Clinton, APCO & NENA]
April 3, 2000
The so-called "bat.chode" virus is unleased by an unknown hacker; is spread by e-mail and instructs computer to dial 911 on any connected modem. The hacker is never ID'd, but no PSAPs report being affected by false calls.
Oct. 20, 2001
St. Clair County (Ill.) is the first comm center in the country to provide Phase II wireless E911 service, but only for Verizon Wireless customers. Lake County (Ind.) began Phase II service shortly after that, and the state of Rhode Island 911 began state-wide Phase II on Dec. 21, 2001 from Sprint PCS customers with assisted-GPS handsets.
April, 2002 Alabama Gov. Don Siegelman issues updated Commendation for the team that conceived of and implemented the nation's first 911 system in Haleyville.
Devious Ape
Jan 24 2005, 05:11 PM
Yes, there are very wooded areas on the Kitasp Penn.
It would be nice to know, though, some idea where this happened.
A map of the Kitsap Penn. I've always been interested about sasquatch reports from Kitsap, not just because I grew up there, but because it's almost an island. The only land connection is down south, by Belfair. But, it's just across Hood Canal from Olympic Penn. and Olympic National Park, where a large number of sightings have occurred.
So, IMHO, Kitsap is in the right area, but a sasquatch would have to sneak through the small isthmus, or swim.
I think it unlikely he would walk across the Tacoma Narrows or Hood Canal, bridges. Or, even use the ferries from Seattle. Though, I have encountered some incredibly bad smelling people on the ferries.
AnotherPullTab
Jan 24 2005, 10:30 PM
QUOTE(cut4sign @ Jan 23 2005, 08:32 PM)
Ok, here I go being the skeptical one until I can prove other wise.
Does anyone know when this was posted to the BFRO or the recording was made available to Sierra sounds? Does anyone here actually know Ron Morehead or Al Berry? What’s their reputation and history?
The reason I ask is because a few things stick out for me in the recording:
1. If this were in the 70’s I was an Electrician back then and I don’t remember that “Light sensor” or motion sensors were around until the mid 80’s. They may have been made back then but they weren’t as common as today or the 80’s
2. Notice that almost all references to a Bigfoot were made throughout the call. “Big”, Fast, Black, Dog was killed, on two feet, Man/or something like it, Tall (6’9”… why not 7 ft??), Just about everything you could think of to describe a Bigfoot without saying “Bigfoot” That seemed odd. Almost like they made it a point to mention all those things. The dispatcher even helped to provoke all the descriptions.
3. Does anyone know when 911 was established? She actually says “911 what are you reporting”. And I’m sure they didn’t have Caller ID back then so why didn’t she ask for the address? Does anyone have the entire recording of this to answer this question?
It would be very easy to put a recording like this together. Has anyone checked with the Bremerton, Washington Police Department to see if this actually happened?
It’s not that I don’t believe something like this could happen, I’m just doing my part in ruling out everything else.
Cut4sign
Excellent observations, Cut.
I was thinking the same things about the 911 call. One, its a very clean call/recording for ~30 years ago. 911 has been around since the late 60's early 70's, but the real question would be whether or not Bremerton had this service at that time. Its noted at 911dispatch.com that Puyallup was supposedly the "first 911 call center west of the Mississippi" and this was late '68 or early '69.
The issue of the motion lights is also one to note. I tried researching when it was patented, but there is so many different variations on "motion sensing" that it's pretty near impossible.
adamsclimber
Jan 25 2005, 01:26 AM
Well folks as a former 911 operator....there are a couple thinggs that make me go hmmmmmmm......Personally, my opinion is that the call sounds fairly legit, bit I think the timedate/yearstamp is wrong......motion sensors as others have stated, her(the dispatcher) not asking about the addy...even when ALI/ANI came on line we still wanted a verification via voice where the call was from....and granted, this could be one of the edited portions.
Also, what makes me doubt the timeframe is the keyboard...IIRC....which I'll be the first to admit that I don't....CAD (Computer Aided Dispatching) really didn't come on line until the late 80's early 90's.....
Kitsap has always been a very forward thinking center, and still does alot of the training for the rest of WA, but maybe they had CAD that early, just would find it surprising.....we had CAD in a couple of different versions and 800mhz radio system in 2001 but still mostly did hand-written notes on the initial call to catch everything we could in the initial contact....you wouldn't go to the keyboard until you had everything and then were basically just keeping contact till a unit of some sort got there......
All that being said...for whatever its worth....when the gentleman finally says "you better get somebody out here" From my experience...again worth a grain of salt....there leaves little doubt in my mind that "something" was sure as heck going on YMMV
Whistling Woman
Jan 28 2005, 01:26 PM
One of my favorite DOG / Bigfoot stories came off the local talk radio show. Bigfoot came up as a subject after someone in Clallam County, WA had footprints around their home on several occassions and the local news picked up the story.
So, some old guy calls into the radio show and says that he used to camp & hunt around Totem Lake in Kirkland, WA in the fifties, back when that was the middle of nowhere. There were several boys and a German Shepard present. It was night time and they had a fire going. They could hear something circling their camp, just inside the tree line. Eventually the dog couldn't take it anymore and it jumped into the bushes, where a big scary fight ensued. Then, the boys see the dog rise above the bushes (I'm guessing 10 feet off the ground or so), being held by something with hands. Then the dog is thrown, like a doll, INTO the fire - dead on!
It was very exciting the way the guy told the story and you could hear the emotion in his voice. The dog actually was unhurt. They picked up their stuff and booked outta there.
Anyways, I can just picture that happening and it made for some exciting radio!
Amazing the abuse animals can take!
DarkRabbit
Mar 29 2005, 02:01 AM
Hi there!
Just posting some long-winded thoughts on the Sierra Sounds' 911 call and the responses to it.
Old topic, but here's one cent worth toward the evaluation of compelling "evidence", and I truly mean only, toward such instances of compelling documented evidence that comes down the pipe supporting the existence of a BF creature.
If we were never to rely on compelling written accounts with some other written supporting sources buttressing each other, the veracity of all history would be meaningless in our age. Alexander the Great's personal existence could be called into question by anyone. We have no video or audio of him. It could have been someone else conquering the world around 336 BCE if it was ever done at all.
In the context of hearing this 911 call as the last track on the second Sierra Sounds CD, after listening to all the previous tracks, their recordings add quite a bit of support to the call's authenticity.
For those who are wary of the call's authenticity, please do not take offense. Perhaps, you're looking a gift sasquatch in the mouth. I think I am putting a justifiably positive face on the item in question.
Some things must be taken at face value until more evidence is supplied - what you have is what you have. It is therefore quite proper for supporters who have judiciously considered such a recording as quite legitimate to take an aggressively affirmative position in its support. Though not in all, but in many serious instances as this, we would be better to leave the naysaying to the true skeptics and not bicker amongst ourselves. Oftentimes, we should only need to recognize such a recording as a good indicator to affirm our belief, and not to view it so darned critically in the light of evidence to prove the antiBF community wrong.
Let them bicker. We do not need to be doing their job of questioning the veracity of such compelling encounters as these.
The saying is timeworn, but pick your fights carefully.
Let the skeptics do the picking regarding this call.
If a person hears this call and believes, who is the one who really needs to prove to the believer that (s)he should consider this call false? Not the supporters, but the detractors. The call exists and was really made. Sounds damn good, and in the circumstances, a reasonable, law-abiding person would not have made the call if circumstances did not elicit just such a call to authorities.
In this case, burden of proof lies with the naysayers until the ball is returned into the supporters' court, with a return volley in the bounds of plausibility, of course.
We should regard in this case the caller innocently making a call reporting something he did not want to see until he is proven guilty of fostering a law-breaking hoax.
The recording's there. There are witnesses to the call and the officers' response to the scene. If a naysayer posits that the call is unreliable, then the burden now is on the naysayer to prove otherwise, just as it would be on a prosecutor intent on nailing the guy for a phony 911 call. And, simply because it may be your gut feeling that it is still a prank and not a genuine 911 call, believers should not so easily let you off the hook. A gut feeling goes nowhere toward proving a BF encounter was real, either.
Obviously, the BF community cannot use this recording as irrefutable proof of the BF's existence, but since when was getting proof our task? As I have read time and time again, only "science" will deem the evidence as proof. The name of the game is evidence. If we pick the right fights, we have the incredible advantage of pointing out such evidence until the proof proves otherwise.
That's our purpose: to point to the compelling indications that such a critter does indeed exist. "Science" will be the ultimate judge of the proof in the end for the heathens anyway. We need only gather strong evidence for a hypothesis to get the ball rolling. This recording serves this purpose
You have every right as a free thinker to make assertions, but a judgment against the recording without further investigation on your part could be as prejudiced as a judgment for. Right here and now, however, the recording's veracity is being discussed within the BF supporters community forum, not the Skeptical Inquirers'. Many here have the goods the skeptics do not.
"How 'bout a little more positive waves, Moriarty?"
Until more is supplied from the BF believer skeptical of this recording, my reaction, which cannot be empirically measured in a lab, is that the call is genuine. Ron Morehead does state on his site that he talked with the gentleman, found the call credible, and added it to the second CD, not because it had any connection with his recordings from three decades before, but simply because he found it very credible and very entertaining. Why include a possible hoax at the end of an incredible library of BF audio recordings that a plurality of witnesses were privy to?
Furthermore, if this encounter were reported to the BFRO, it would be perfect class A report with more evidence than the majority of them - - a recording with legal repercussions. Personally, I am not willing to call anyone a liar or guilty of misidentification when there exists a legally binding recording on a law enforcement agency's tape that could land the caller in hot water for deliberately choosing to make a false police report. Although the chances are slim, I could be subpoenaed to testify in court by the prosecution on such an assertion if the prosecution felt I had the answer as to how this recording might have been achieved in another manner. To the naysayers, go to the caller and the dispatcher and the responding officers and tell them you do not believe them.
Doing that, you may prove you are right. Which would be fine by all of us.
Just do it, though.
DR
PS.
Anyway, if it would not be for the demise of the caller's dog, this scene is bizarrely funny.
"What's he doing in your yard?"
"He's looking at me!!"
"Uh,oh."
Priceless.
I'm no psychologist either, but my gut reaction to when the caller reported the critter's height at 6 foot 9 inches, is that he wanted to say nine feet. But his rational side of the brain in a split-instant had to fudge it down in order to make it plausible not only to the dispatcher, but to himself. He simply could not register the girth of this critter.
Of course, all in my book. Feel free to disagree to all of my assertions..
DR